Digital Photography: A to Z (Part 15)

 P

PageMaker:
PageMaker was one of the first desktop publishing programs, introduced in  1985 by Aldus Corporation, initially for the new-Apple Macintosh and in 1987 for PCs running Windows 1.0.
PageMaker relies on Adobe Systems PostScript page description language and in 1994 Adobe Systems acquires Aldus and pageMaker.


PAL:
Phase Alternating Line. A color television standard developed in Germany in 1967 and used in many European and non-European countries. The image size is 786 x 576 pixels with a frequency of 50Hz interlaced (2x 25 half images are generated each second).

Pantone:
A color scale consisting of about 3000 gradations in tone that is used in editing digital images.

Parallel:
Simultaneously but independent execution of individual task.

Parallel Interface:
Allows external devices to be connected to the computer such as printer. external storage media and digital cameras. The data is transmitted parallel, that is, byte by byte (8 bits at once).

Patch:
A piece of programming code that can be "patched" into an already existing program to correct a bug.

PC Card:
Also referred to as a  PMCIA Card. It is a small card that stores information and is often used with notebooks. A PC Card may function as a modem, or act as a connection between a mobile phone and a notebook.



PCMIA:
Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. Committee for the standardization of storage cards.

Photo CD:
A Process developed by Kodak and Philips that enables the digital storage of conventional photograph and slides on a CD-ROM. As such, the digitized picture may be loaded into a computer and viewed or edited like other digital images.

Photodiode:
It is also named Photocell. A Semiconductor which measure or converts light into an electrical current. Photodiodes are commonly used in scanners, CCD sensors and exposure meter. 

PICT file:
It is a graphics file format developed by APPLE Macintosh computer and has standard metafile format. It allows interchange of graphics (both bitmapped and vector) and some limited text support, between Mac applications.
Filename Extension: .pict,  .pct, .pic.

Photoshop:
World renowned image processing and graphic editing software developed and published by Adobe system incorporated.

Picture Resolution:
It describes the details of an image holds. The term applies to raster digital images, file images and other types of images. Higher resolution means more image detail.

Pixel:
The pixel is the smallest element of a raster display or digital image and contains information about intensity and color. A pixel can be either square or rectangular. Generally, monitors or ink-jet printers consist of a pixel with up to 256 dots per color. Exception: dye-sublimation printer.

Pixel modulation:
A process used in printing which changes the brightness of individual pixels by changing the pixel size.

Plug & Play:
Developed by intel, this standard allows the installation of extension cards into a computer without the subsequent need to alter the configuration. This is directly supported by Windows 95 and all newer Windows versions.

Plug-In:
Addition program for a browser to extend its functionality. With a plug-in, file formats that are not in HTML such as music and video files, can be run. Well-known plug-ins are: QuickTime, Flash (for video), Shockware (for multimedia), PhotoGenetics (for whole image optimization), Real Audio/ Real Video (for music/ video through the internet), Acrobat Reader (for pdf files).

Postscript:
A standard format for the printing or reproduction of text and graphical documents. Figure shows HP Designjet Z5200 postscript printer.

ppi:
Printing term for pixel per inch. Indicates the number of a pixel a scanner or digital camera can process per inch.

Printer:
It is a device that prints texts, illustrations on device. Several types of printers include: dot matrix, ink jet, laser, LED or dye-sublimation.

Processor:
The "Heart" of a computer. All programs and user commands are executed here.

Progressive CCD:
Describes a CCD specially developed for Digital cameras.

PSD:
It is generally a layered file supported by Adobe Photoshop.

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Digital Photography: A to Z (Part 14)

 O

Offline:
Describes the state when no data connection exists.





OLE:
Object Linking and Embedding is a technology developed by Microsoft that allows objects (graphics, tables etc) to be embedded into different files/documents in order to create, for example, a report.

Online:
Describes the state when two or more devices are directly connected and communicating efficiently.

Optical real image viewfinder:
Shows the actual area that can be photographed.

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Digital Photography: A to Z (Part 13)

 N

Negative:
Flim coated with a light sensitive emulsion that after exposure and processing produces the images taken with the camera in complimentary values.

Network:
The connection of several individual computers to aid data exchange and communication.

NiCad Battery:
Nickel-Cadmium Battery- is a type of rechargeable battery using Nickel Oxide Hydroxide and metallic Cadmium as electrodes.
The abbreviation NiCad is a registered trademark of SAFT Corporation.

Ni-MH Battery:

Nickel-Metal Hydride battery. Rechargeable batteries that have an energy density 100% higher than NiCd batteries and can supply high energy levels when required, e.g. when using the flash in quick succession. They can be recharged more than 300 times and are environmentally-friendly (free of cadmium and mercury). Among other devices, Hi-MH are used to power digital cameras.

Noise:
A term used in the field of audio engineering t describe interference that can lead to impure sounds and distortion. Noise may occur, for example, as a result for faculty microphones or recording equipment.




NTSC:
National Television Standard Committee. American television standard for the coding/encoding of colors. Developed in 1953 this US TV norm is defined by an image size of 640x480 pixels and a frequency of 60Hz (interlaced i.e. 2x30 half images per second).

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Productivity Future Vision 2011

Watch how future technology will help people make better use of their time, focus their attention, and strengthen relationships while getting things done at work, home and on the go.

How to delete your Facebook account forever

Please follow the steps:

01. First, log into your facebook account.

Fig01

02. Copy the following link and paste it into the browser address bar.

      Precious Link: https://www.facebook.com/help/contact.php?show_form=delete_account

Fig02

03. Then a message will appear "Delete My Account"as follow (Fig03). Press Submit.

Fig03

04. Put your account password and fill the Security Check box with the appeared text.Press Okay

Fig04

04. A message will appear: "Permanently Delete Account". Press Okay

Fig05

Remember: 

Don't log in your account within 14 days. Your facebook account will be automatically deleted at 15th day.

Digital Photography: A to Z (Part 12)

 M

Mac:
Abbreviated name of the Apple Macintosh computer. This computer is often used for graphic application and image processing.

Mac OS:
The Apple Macintosh computer's operating system.

Macro converter:
Lens attachment that permits fascinating detailed shots.

Mailbox:
Electronic mailbox. Either an answering machine or a computer service that enables the user to leave voice announcements, text message, digital images or any other type of file. Ordinarily, mailboxes are accessed via telephone lines through the use of a modem.

Megapixel digital camera:
Digital camera equipped with a CCD that can record images with over 1,000,000 pixel.

Memory Stick:
A memory medium developed by SONY.

Microprocessor:
The programmable chip controlling the computer. It is composed of either one or more integrated circuits.

MiniCards:
Small memory cards that are manufactured by intel (Miniature Card) or Toshiba (SSFDC)

MO Disk:
Magneto Optical Disk. An MO Disk can be rewritten as often as desired and features high storage capacity (up to 5.2 GB) and data security,

MO Drive:
Device used for the reading of information from, and the writing of information to, an MO disk. OLYMPUS is among the companies that these devices.

Modem:
Word derived from Modulation and Demodulation. A device which transforms digital data into analog signals in order to send the information through a telephone line. A modem is necessary to access the internet or online service.

Moiré:
An interference pattern brought about when images of differing resolution are superimposed. (This problem may occur, for example, if small diamond shapes are to be reproduced an a television screen)

MPEG:
Motion Picture Expert Group. It describes a compression format for digitized video images.

MPU:
Mathematical Processing Unit. Either an integrated or separate component of a processor, which carries out the mathematical calculations, e.g. for certain image processing task.

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Digital Photography: A to Z (Part 11)

 L

Laser printer:

A printer that uses a laser beam to project characters and graphics onto a drum, which then electrographically transfers the image onto paper. Laser printers are known for their high quality reproduction and printing speed.

LCD:

Liquid Crystal Display. LCDs are commonly used in calculators, watches, digital cameras and monitors.

LCD monitors works by blocking light. By sandwiching a solution of TN liquid crystals between two perpendicularly aligned panes of polarized glass, it becomes possible to manipulate the intensity of light as it passes through this crystalline matrix and out the glass panel at the other end.

Depending on the voltage of the electrical charge running through them, liquid crystals will untwist so that the intensity of light able to pass through the second polarized pane is affected. Basically, these displays can switch between light states (where liquid crystals are fully twisted) and dark states (where liquid crystals are fully untwisted), or somewhere along the grey scale in between.

LED:

Light Emitting Diode is a semiconductor light source. It is used as indicator lamp in many electrical devices.

LED Printer:

As opposed to laser printer, the printed image is not bought on to a drum by a laser beam, but by a row of densely located light diodes.

Lens:

Transparent glass or plastic that has been formed and polished to form a certain shape, usually spherical. When a beam of light reaches the area between the air and the lens, a part of this light is always reflected. The remaining light passes into the lens (depends on the transparency) and alters its propagation direction, i.e. the light is refracted. The incorporation of various lenses (converging and diverging lens) creates a lens system. When optimally arranged, they allow the subject to be presented correctly on the image plane.

Lens System:

Group of lenses that enable the sharpest and brightest pictures to be taken. Often simply referred to as the lens or objective. There are various lenses available such as wide-angle, normal, macro, and tele with fixed focal distances as well as zoom lenses with adjustable focal distances.

Light Intensity:

01. Relationship of the maximum diameter of an object to its focal distance. It is equal to the smallest aperture value (i.e. the largest opening). Whereas the zoom lenses on analog cameras have a light intensity of F4, good digital camera have lenses with a value of F2.

02.  The light intensity from sources of light measured in Candela (cd).

Lens meter:

To ensure correct exposure, most analog and digital cameras feature automatic light metering.

Lithium battery:

An accumulator type battery with a high energy density making it ideal for mobile phones, still and video cameras. Generally, the lithium battery is the main battery and the lithium ion battery is a secondary rechargeable battery.

LPI:

Lines per inch is a unit of measurement of printing resolution in systems that use a halftone screen. Specially, it is a measure of how close together the lines in a halftone grid are. LPI indicates greater detail and sharpness.

Lycos:

A well-known internet search engine and web portal established in 1994.

LZW:

Developed by Lempel, Zif and Welsh; a special kind of compression reducing required storage capacity for Bitmap formats without loss in quality.



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