Digital Photography: A to Z (Part 05)

 E

Email:

A world-wide electronic mail system. Digitized data can be sent almost immediately throughout the world via telephone lines using only a PC. Every email user has his or her own internationally distinct address where he or she can be reached electronically. Files, such as digital pictures, can be sent with any email message.

EPS:

Encapsulated PostScript. A computer file format based on the PostScript standard. It is supported by most graphic design and page layout programs. In addition to the PostScript code, the EPS file also contains a low resolution PICT.

Exif:

Exchangeable image format. A standard for image files created with digital cameras and other input devices. Exif  files can contain either uncompressed TIFF or compressed JPEG images and may contain many comments fields of various types.

Explorer:

Microsoft internet browser.

Exposure correction:

Conscious deviation from the value ascertained by the light meter. the change can be made manually (under over exposure) or thought the programmed auto exposure control.

Exposure Time:

The length of time for which the shutter is open. Fig shows a pinwheel, photographed at three different shutter speed.



  



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Digital Photography: A to Z (Part 04)

 D

Data security:
A collective term used for any measure to protect and store files as well as programs for any extended period of time.

Data transmission:
The exchange of digital information between two or more computers. Data is usually transmitted via a direct cable connection, a computer network or telephone lines.

DCF:
Design Rule for Camera File System- an industry standard for saving digital images. This not only determines the file type. but also determines file naming method, the directory structure, character set and metadata method. It allows the conversion of uncompressed TIFF files into compressed JPEG files. This JPEG file is of the Exif type and can contain camera information such as the data.

Digital:
Opposite of analog. Digital information is made up of a limited number of gradations (e.g. 256 colors. 8 bit). The change from one digital element to the next is always "step by step" and not continuous.

Digital Camera:
Usually captures images with the help of a CCD chip. The image data received is then saved to special memory cards or other storage media (SmartMedia, ComplactFlash).


Digital ESP:
Digital Electro-Selective Pattern. The employment of a selective multi zone metering system ensures an optimal exposure even in difficult light conditions. (Exposure metering, Spot metering, reflected-light metering, light metering)

Digital Imaging Software:
Image Editing Software, such as, Photoshop, Paint Shop Pro, Media Suit Pro, Ulead Photo Editor etc.



Digital tele:
Thanks to special, algorithms, some digital camers are able to provide a zoom effect by re-calculating the captured image data. However, enlarging an image in this way also means reducing its picture quality.

DIMO:
Digital Imaging Magneto Optical. A camera MO communicator developed by Olimpus allowing fast and mobile archiving of image data directly from the camera to an MO disk (without the need of a computer).

Diode:
A diode is an electrical device allowing current to move through it in one direction with far greater ease than in the other.  The most common kind of diode in modern circuit design is the semiconductor diode.

Dioptric Adjustment:
The adjustment of the viewfinder to the photographer's eyesight (unit: dpt)

Direct Print Function:The ability to print digital pictures without the need of a computer. 

DOS:Disc operating System. Usually DOS describes the operating system developed by Microsoft for personal computers.

Dot:
The smallest raster element of an image. many dots together produce one pixel. For example, in the specification "8 bit color depth", three "layers" of 256 dots each are on top of one another to produce one pixel.

Dot pitch:
Used in monitors, it indicates the distance between individual dots. The smaller the distance between two dots, the sharper the image. Good monitor usually have a dot pinch of between 0.25 and 0.27 mm.

Download:
Describes the process of receiving data, usually via either a mailbox, the internet or from another device like a digital camera  to a PC > data transmission.

dpi:

dots per inch (1 inch = approx. 2.54 cm). A measuring unit in printing to describe the geometric resolution of an image.

DPOF:
Digital Print Order Format. A format introduced by photo industry that enables images stored on SmartMedia cards to be accessed directly by certain printers and copies as well as allowing the more simple professional treatment by photo labs.

DRAM:
Dynamic RAM. A type of memory chip that is used in most personal computers as the main storage medium (RAM).

Driver:
A small program that the communication between the application program and a certain device, for example a printer or digital camera.

DTP:
Desktop Publishing. This refers to the design and illustration of texts and graphics directly on the monitor screen.

DVD-ROM:
Digital Versatile Disc. A standard for CD-ROM with a much greater capacity (e,g, 9.4 GB) than a regular CD-ROM.

Dye sublimation:
Describes a printing method for half-tone images or pictures. This process uses heat to transfer color from a printer foil into paper. The picture quality is exceptional.

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Digital Photography: A to Z (Part 03)

 C

Calendar card:
Smart Media-function card.

Calibration:

The reciprocal balancing or tuning of input and output devices, in order to receive a matching values. In this way, the colors on a monitor can be matched with the printer's colors.

CAMEDIA:

The name given to the OLYMPUS Digital Imaging products.

Candela:
Unit of illumination (cd). 1cd = 1/638 Watt per steradian

CCD:
Charged-Coupled Device.
A light sensitive semiconductor that converts received light into voltage according to the level of brightness. It is used as a chip or line sensor in digital cameras and scanners. 

CD-ROM:
Compact Disc Read Only Memory. A read only can hold up to approximately 700MB of programs, pictures, text, or other data.

Central Weighted Average Metering:
This method of exposure metering is often used for subjects with an even contrast distribution. Digital ESP: Selective multi zone metering, reflected light metering, light metering, spot metering.

Charger:
Battery Charger. A battery charger is a device used to put energy into secondary cell or rechargeable battery by focusing an electric current through it.

Chip:

General description for integrated circuits whose components (e.g. transistors, diodes, resistors) are mounted on a small plate of the semiconducting material silicon.

CIE:The International Commission on Illumination (usually abbreviated CIE for its French name, Commission internationa de l'éclairage) is the international authority on light, illumination, color, and color spaces.

CISC:

A complex instruction set computer is a computer where single instructions can execute several low-level operations (such as a load from memory, an arithmetic operation, and a memory store) and/or are capable of multi-step operations or addressing modes without the need of additional software.

CMYK:

The CMYK color model is a subtractive color model, used in color printing and is also used to describe the printing process itself. CMYK refers to the 4 inks used in some color printing: cyan, magenta, yellow and key (black).

Color Depth:

This refers to the maximum number of colors that can be recorded by digital cameras and scanners or can be displayed by graphics cards. A true color representation can be achieved at a color depth of 8 bits per primary color, that is a 24 bit color depth. In this case, 256 bits are available for one pixel. With an RGB signal, this value is then multiplied by a factor of three so that a total of 256 x 256 x 256 = 16,777,216 colors can be displayed. High-end scanners, graphic cards etc. provide a minimum color depth of 24 bit.

Color management:

The calibration of all peripheral devices that feature in the production of color images  (monitors, scanners, color printers etc.). For example, by using a color management system, the data from a scanner is converted into values for a standard color range. The data is then arranged so that the printer can produce good color prints.

Noise:

The incorrect reproduction of color on an image (e.g. dots on an area which is supposed to be pure white).

Color temperature:

Describes the spectral energy distribution and thereby the color quality of a light source. The temperature of a color is given in Kelvin (K). It is important to choose the correct temperature so that a subject can be photographed in its true colors. The spectrum that can be seen by the human eye lies between approx. 2,790 K and 11,000 K. The international norm for average sunlight is 5,500 K.

Compact Digital Camera:

Smaller dimensions and reduced weight make these easy to handle models ideal for travel and everyday use.

Compact Flash Drive:

Rewritable removable memory or function card developed by SanDisk in 1994. In contrast with SmartMedia technology, it has a built-in controller. The newer CF type II (CF/2) cards are 5 mm thick, the CF type I are only 3.3 mm thick. ( PCMCIA-Cards/PC Cards)

Compatibility:

The ability of data, programs (software), and equipment (hardware) to run and/or work together. This allows for the individual components to be put together to form a system.

COM port:

Describes the serial interface of a computer. Often used to connect devices such as digital cameras to a computer (say USB).

Compression:

Data may be compressed to reduce storage (memory) space or transmission times (i.e reducing the amount of data). Well-known compression standards include JPEG and MPEG.

CompuServe:

Commercial data service that offers countless information and discussion panels about an unlimited variety of subjects. A computer, a modem, and a telephone line are required.

Lens Converter:

Lens extension that increases or shortens the focal distance. (Macro-converter, tele-converter, wide-angleconverter).

CPU:

Central Processing Unit. The main processor of a PC (personal computer)

CRT:Cathode Ray Tube. Electron guns inside the tube send beams onto the front surface of the tube, causing it to glow and creating a display (LCD)




 



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